Circumducting gait , at the ankle level ?


We often circumduct a leg to get around a clearance problem. Sometimes the clearance problem is the leg length itself, and sometimes it is a foot clearance issue, one that doesn't dorsiflex/toe extend enough.

This is what the foot clearance circumduction strategy looks like (more clear on the left foot). It is a heavy peroneal, tib anterior (more lateral belly, interosseous) and lesser toe extensor strategy. The foot clearly dorsiflexes and everts the rear and fore foot during early swing. It is not until just before heel strike that the tib anterior seem to jump in to do its primary job of dorsiflexion AND inversion.
Finding out why a client is circumducting this way is the key. It could be from the opposite hip abductors being weak, and it could be poor abdominal control on the same side, or it could be down in the foot (perhaps extensor hallucis/big toe extensor) and of highest suspect is a weak or motor pattern delayed tib anterior. Bad lazy habits can happen around trivial weakness, and then can mushroom into other bigger things.

Your exam will help you.
Seeing a problem in someones gait is not their problem, it is their strategy to get around the parts that are not working well.

shawn allen, the other gait guy

#gait, #gaitproblems, #gaitanalysis, #anklerocker, #ankledorsiflexion, #shinsplints, #swingphase, #thegaitguys, #circumductinggait

A unique version of the circumducting gait.

It is Rewind Friday:
Chef and general overall badass Anthony Bourdain's gait.
A unique variation on the Circumducting Gait. You will see this one is many people, if you look for it.

https://thegaitguys.tumblr.com/post/21713480315/the-chef-another-abnormal-gait-pattern-in

The Chef: Another abnormal gait pattern in celebrity chef and The Travel Channel’s Anthony Bourdain.

It was just a few nights ago after a 13hour day with patients that I got home and climbed into bed, looking forward to flipping through channels to find something to alter my brainwave state. I needed to find something that would allow me to dial down into a slumber.  Much to my happiness I found one of my favorite shows, “No Reservations” with my favorite chef.  I get a real kick out of Tony. This is one smart dude. He is pretty slick with the english language.  Did you ever get to read his New
York Times best seller “Kitchen Confidential”?  What a killer book. We recommend the audio book read by the author himself.  It turned the restaurant scene upside down.  Has anyone ever told you not to order fish Monday through Thursday ? It is all in the book.  Why else do I love Bourdain?  His command of the english language is exceptional, and creative.  For example, he once said, “what would it be like to be a meat-filled Pinata at a Pit Bull convention?”.  Things like that stick with you.

Anyhow, so there I am lying in bed dozing off, listening to Bourdain talk about Mozambique and there he is in all his slender glory walking down the street with his sidekick Samir.  “Red Alert, Red Alert ! "  The clinical brain snaps back on.  Dammit !  Knowing very well I had to rewind the cable box to see it again, but knowing I was slowly descending into deeper brainwaves, I quickly rewind and grab my iphone to record the gait you see above.  You see, when you are a gait nerd like us, nothing escapes you when it is this obviously wrong. It is a disease; trust us.  We cannot go anywhere anymore without noticing pathologic gait.  It appears we cannot even watch a cooking show. And since we live on a planet where everyone walks, it must be a penance for something we must have done in another life.

Onto Bourdain’s gait. 

Look at Tony’s circumducting feet compared to Samirs (on the right).  Samir clearly engages pelvis lift on the swing leg side which is typically brought on by engagement of the hip abductors (g. medius) on the stance leg side. This lift on the swing side allows the swing leg to have ample room to pendulum through without having to prostitute the knee or foot posturing.  The knee and foot simply sagittally hinge through, this is economical gait.

Bourdain on the other hand shows little if any swing side pelvis lift driven by stance leg hip gluteus medius engagement.  This creates a clearance problem for the pendulum swing leg.  So now the problem becomes how to get the leg to swing through without catching the toes and foot. You must create clearance. Clearance can be obtained by:

generating oppositehip abduction forcing the swing leg hemi-pelvis to lift
increasing hip flexion which will initiate a steppage gait. This will be combined with increased knee flexion. This is productive and necessary if you are climbing stairs or trying to unload a painful turf toe near the end of stance phase push off.  When seen in normal walking gait it may represent neurologic pathology.  But folks with hip problems or weakness will use it to get around to avoid tripping.
circumduct the swing leg hip. The act of swinging the leg outward and around will eat up the leg length.
circumduct the foot.

Bourdain is doing #4. It is a pretty lazy gait strategy, you can see it is lazy. It probably requires very little energy to flip the foot outside the normal ankle dorsiflexion foot swing progression.  What must be the cost to activating the peronei and the lateral toe extensors to flip that foot around like that ? Sure you can see that the knees are for a moment carried outside the sagittal plane but who cares, right ? 

There are a couple of concerns. One is that failure on a single step to generate sufficient foot/ankle circumduction will result in a foot catch and a fall.  Another is the trouble in always getting that circumducting foot to land precisely in the near sagittal plane. When you move the foot on an arc you really only have a narrow target to land the foot within the 5-15degree landing zone. Circumduct too far and the foot is in-toed and more rigid due to it being supinated during midstance, circumduct too little and the foot is more out-toed and increased pronation risk increases.  This goes for running as well.

Go back and watch Samir’s walk. Clean and done right, the swing leg is a passive pendulum. Tony’s is obviously different. Who knows, maybe he has bad hips ? Maybe it was always a struggle to walk normally. He is 6'4” so we cannot blame it on excessive height unless he lives in a house that has 6 foot ceilings, because then his strategy would be our gait of choice. It would be the only one that would effectively work !  Maybe that is it. Maybe he lives in Smallville ?

We don’t think so.  The only for sure way to know would be to get him on our exam table and see what parts he is not using. We would put big money on weak gluteus medius, bilaterally.  It is the one we see most often in this abnormal gait pattern.

Shawn and Ivo, tortured gait observers in a world of ambulatory pathology.

Welcome to our hell.

Podcast 91: Gait, Vision & some truths about leg length discrepancies

Show sponsors:
www.newbalancechicago.com

A. Link to our server:
http://traffic.libsyn.com/thegaitguys/pod_91f.mp3

Direct Download:
http://thegaitguys.libsyn.com/91

Other Gait Guys stuff

B. iTunes link:
https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-gait-guys-podcast/id559864138

C. Gait Guys online /download store (National Shoe Fit Certification and more !) :
http://store.payloadz.com/results/results.aspx?m=80204

D. other web based Gait Guys lectures:
Monthly lectures at : www.onlinece.com   type in Dr. Waerlop or Dr. Allen,  ”Biomechanics”

Our Book: Pedographs and Gait Analysis and Clinical Case Studies

electronic copies available here:

Amazon/Kindle:

http://www.amazon.com/Pedographs-Gait-Analysis-Clinical-Studies-ebook/dp/B00AC18M3E

Barnes and Noble / Nook Reader:

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Hardcopy available from our publisher:

http://bookstore.trafford.com/Products/SKU-000155825/Pedographs-and-Gait-Analysis.aspx

Show notes:

Gait and vision: Gaze Fixation
What’s Up With That: Birds Bob Their Heads When They Walk
http://www.wired.com/2015/01/whats-birds-bob-heads-walk/
 
Shod vs unshod
 
Short leg talk:
11 strategies to negotiate around a leg length discrepancy

From a Reader:

Dear Gait Guys, Dr. Shawn and Dr. Ivo,  I was referred to this post of yours on hip IR…http://thegaitguys.tumblr.com/post/14262793786/gait-problem-the-solitary-externally-rotated   I am impressed by the level of details of your understanding of the gait and biomechanics. Although I am still trying to understand all of your points in this post, I would like to ask you:  What if my IR is limited due to a structural issue? The acetabular retroversion of the right hip in my case. 

I.e. if I am structurally unable to rotate the hip internally.
What will happen? 
What would be a solution to the problem in that case? 

Single-leg drop landing movement strategies 6 months following first-time acute lateral ankle sprain injury - Doherty - 2014 - Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sms.12390/abstract

Hey Gait Guys,

I understand that 1st MP Joint dorsiflexion, ankle rocker, and hip extension are 3 key factors for moving in the sagittal plane from your blog and podcasts so far. I really love how you guys drill in our heads to increase anterior strength to increase posterior length to further ankle rocker. I’ve seen the shuffle gait and was curious if you had a good hip extension exercise to really activate the posterior hip extensors and increase anterior length. 

Podcast 51: Bouncy Gait, Stem Cells & Plantar fasciitis,

A. Link to our server:

http://thegaitguys.libsyn.com/podcast-51-bouncy-gait-stem-cells-plantar-fasciitis

B. iTunes link:

https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-gait-guys-podcast/id559864138

C. Gait Guys online /download store (National Shoe Fit Certification and more !) :

http://store.payloadz.com/results/results.aspx?m=80204

D. other web based Gait Guys lectures:

www.onlinece.com   type in Dr. Waerlop or Dr. Allen,  ”Biomechanics”

________________________________________

* Today’s show notes:

Neuroscience:

1. Stem cells and plantar fasciitis.
2. Study finds axon regeneration after Schwann cell graft to injured spinal cord
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/270623.php
3.Future Tiny Robots Will Communicate Using Only Molecules
http://www.fastcoexist.com/3020657/futurist-forum/future-tiny-robots-will-communicate-using-only-molecules?partner=rss
Correction:
a. I was listening to pod 49, great job. I am sending a personal message to point out an error regarding body composition. Under water weighing is considered the 2 compartment “Gold Standard” however caliper testing is used more due to cost and ability to be used in the field. Loved the learning stuff I sent some stuff similar to what you were talking about to the school administration but it went no where.
Thanks guys, Mark
b. Mark wrote: “I can see widening base of support to increase stability when one is weak but to widen base of support when one has decreased traction may increase slipping depending on width of stance couldn’t it. If decreased traction is a issue wouldn’t a better statagy”
Blog reader:
Not very infrequently the foot tripod has been discussed. Especially the importance of the medial tripod (MT) has been of great benefit to me. Some kind of a peroneus paralysis was probably the cause of weak MT of the right foot. With a weak anterior muscle group or compartment. But what about the lateral tripod, ie the 5th distal end of the fifth metatarsal. Which muscles are most responsible for the foot stability here and what kind of exercises might be of therapeutic value? Thank you.

Disclaimer
Gait Guys online /download store (National Shoe Fit Certification and more !) :

http://store.payloadz.com/results/results.aspx?m=80204 

Dear Gait Guys,                                
I’ve had a problem for a while where my lower left leg whips across the midline of my body at the start of the swing phase. This happens immediately after my left foot leaves the ground and before my right foot makes contact. My left knee seems to be angled outward, and I think this is due to some sort of external rotation of the hip or femur during the the early part of my swing phase. I attached a picture to illustrate this problem in my gait. I recently came across a blog post you guys wrote (http://thegaitguys.tumblr.com/post/14262793786/gait-problem-the-solitary-externally-rotated) and under the possibilities as to why there isn’t enough internal rotation, the second option describes exactly what happens when I run. So my question is, what can be done to correct this improper gait pattern? Thank you very much for taking the time to read this.
Sincerely,
Matthew
Between a quarter and a third of everything on the web is copied from somewhere else

 

Cheating the Ankle Rocker: a review post of Anothony Bourdain.

Today seems like the perfect day to link you to this old blog post because it parlays beautifully with yesterdays video and blog article.

Once again, we present “The Chef: Anthony Bourdain, Cheating the ankle rocker”. We hope he won’t get upset we snipped this little clip from his old show No Reservations. He is a smart reasonable guy, we think that if he knew he was helping others that he would say “go for it”.

Here is a rewind of our blog post:

http://thegaitguys.tumblr.com/post/21713480315/the-chef-another-abnormal-gait-pattern-in

PS: we follow Bourdain on Twitter……one prolific guy and great TV shows too. Did you see his recent show (on CNN) on the Congo? We are huge fans of The Chef ! One guy we would someday definitely love to meet and share a beer with. Even if he has some impaired gait mechanics. But hey, who doesn’t !?

The Gait Guys

The Chef: Another abnormal gait pattern in celebrity chef and The Travel Channel’s Anthony Bourdain.

It was just a few nights ago after a 13  hour day with patients that I got home and climbed into bed, looking forward to flipping through channels to find something to alter my brainwave state. I needed to find something that would allow me to dial down into a slumber.  Much to my happiness I found one of my favorite shows, “No Reservations” with my favorite chef.  I get a real kick out of Tony. This is one smart dude. He is pretty slick with the english language.  Did you ever get to read his New
York Times best seller “Kitchen Confidential”?  What a killer book. We recommend the audio book read by the author himself.  It turned the restaurant scene upside down.  Has anyone ever told you not to order fish Monday through Thursday ? It is all in the book.  Why else do I love Bourdain?  His command of the english language is exceptional, and creative.  For example, he once said, “what would it be like to be a meat-filled Pinata at a Pit Bull convention?”.  Things like that stick with you.

Anyhow, so there I am lying in bed dozing off, listening to Bourdain talk about Mozambique and there he is in all his slender glory walking down the street with his sidekick Samir.  “Red Alert, Red Alert ! "  The clinical brain snaps back on.  Dammit !  Knowing very well I had to rewind the cable box to see it again, but knowing I was slowly descending into deeper brainwaves, I quickly rewind and grab my iphone to record the gait you see above.  You see, when you are a gait nerd like us, nothing escapes you when it is this obviously wrong. It is a disease; trust us.  We cannot go anywhere anymore without noticing pathologic gait.  It appears we cannot even watch a cooking show. And since we live on a planet where everyone walks, it must be a penance for something we must have done in another life.

Onto Bourdain’s gait. 

Look at Tony’s circumducting feet compared to Samirs (on the right).  Samir clearly engages pelvis lift on the swing leg side which is typically brought on by engagement of the hip abductors (g. medius) on the stance leg side. This lift on the swing side allows the swing leg to have ample room to pendulum through without having to prostitute the knee or foot posturing.  The knee and foot simply sagittally hinge through, this is economical gait.

Bourdain on the other hand shows little if any swing side pelvis lift driven by stance leg hip gluteus medius engagement.  This creates a clearance problem for the pendulum swing leg.  So now the problem becomes how to get the leg to swing through without catching the toes and foot. You must create clearance. Clearance can be obtained by:

  1. generating opposite  hip abduction forcing the swing leg hemi-pelvis to lift
  2. increasing hip flexion which will initiate a steppage gait. This will be combined with increased knee flexion. This is productive and necessary if you are climbing stairs or trying to unload a painful turf toe near the end of stance phase push off.  When seen in normal walking gait it may represent neurologic pathology.  But folks with hip problems or weakness will use it to get around to avoid tripping.
  3. circumduct the swing leg hip. The act of swinging the leg outward and around will eat up the leg length.
  4. circumduct the foot.

Bourdain is doing #4. It is a pretty lazy gait strategy, you can see it is lazy. It probably requires very little energy to flip the foot outside the normal ankle dorsiflexion foot swing progression.  What must be the cost to activating the peronei and the lateral toe extensors to flip that foot around like that ? Sure you can see that the knees are for a moment carried outside the sagittal plane but who cares, right ? 

There are a couple of concerns. One is that failure on a single step to generate sufficient foot/ankle circumduction will result in a foot catch and a fall.  Another is the trouble in always getting that circumducting foot to land precisely in the near sagittal plane. When you move the foot on an arc you really only have a narrow target to land the foot within the 5-15degree landing zone. Circumduct too far and the foot is in-toed and more rigid due to it being supinated during midstance, circumduct too little and the foot is more out-toed and increased pronation risk increases.  This goes for running as well.

Go back and watch Samir’s walk. Clean and done right, the swing leg is a passive pendulum. Tony’s is obviously different. Who knows, maybe he has bad hips ? Maybe it was always a struggle to walk normally. He is 6'4” so we cannot blame it on excessive height unless he lives in a house that has 6 foot ceilings, because then his strategy would be our gait of choice. It would be the only one that would effectively work !  Maybe that is it. Maybe he lives in Smallville ?

We don’t think so.  The only for sure way to know would be to get him on our exam table and see what parts he is not using. We would put big money on weak gluteus medius, bilaterally.  It is the one we see most often in this abnormal gait pattern.

Shawn and Ivo, tortured gait observers in a world of ambulatory pathology.

Welcome to our hell.

A case of severe mechanical gait challenges.

This is a unique case. This is a complicated case, there is so much going on. If your eye is getting good at this gait analysis stuff you will know that just from the first pass this gait is very troubled.

This young middle distance runner who came to see us with complaints of chronic anterior and posterior shin splints. This is unusual because usually only one of the lower limb compartments are strained, either the anterior (tibialis anterior mostly) or the posterior compartment (tibialis posterior mostly). Admittedly this is not a fast runner but they love to run none the less, so you do what you can to help.

Please watch this video again and note the following:

  1. crossing over of the knees at the midline (this indicates a scissored gait / circumductory motion of the limbs)
  2. slightly wider based gait compared to knee postioning but neutral compared to hip spacing
  3. client starts heavily on the outer edge of the feet and moves medially
  4. client over strides (step length is increased) which is particularly evident when they are walking towards the camera
  5. early bunion formation and troubles engaging the big toe during stance phase
  6. the knees / patella also appear medially positioned in an environment of a neutral foot progression angle
  7. if you look carefully you can see that they rear foot immediately moves into a valgus posturing (this is rearfoot pronation) and they are also pronating into the forefoot heavily. Interestingly they have decent arch height.

Wow ! So much going on ! This is a gait from hell in some respects. So, what is driving so much of the terrible gait mechanics ? The answer is a congenital loss of ankle rocker (dorsiflexion) bilaterally. This client can barely squat because the ankles just do not dorsiflex. There was clear osseous lock at barely 90 degrees.

Lets break each one down.

  1. Crossing over of the knees at the midline (this indicates a scissored gait / circumductory motion of the limbs). * This is occuring due to some genu valgum of the knees (slightly “knock-knee”). When the knees are valgum they are at risk for brushing together during gait. The client has no choice but to circumduct the limbs to avoid this behavior. Unfortunately they cannot abduct the thighs far enough during many of the gait cycles and so a “Scissored” appearance occurs where the thighs brush and cross over in appearance.
  2. Slightly wider based gait compared to knee positioning but neutral compared to hip spacing. * This is closely related to our answer in #1. Valgus knees will widen the foot spacing side to side because the feet are not under the knee joints. Then couple this with the necessity to circumduct to avoid knees from contacting and the foot posturing is that of an even wider based gait. This can also occur from many hip problems. However as in this case with a congenital loss of ankle rocker, the client uses more foot pronation to progress the tibia over the talus (allowing the tibia to get past 90degrees) and allow them to move forward. This added pronation does magnify and likely progress the knee valgum but there are few other options for this client. This is often a destructive vicious cycle with few good outcomes decades down the road.
  3. Client starts heavily on the outer edge of the feet and moves medially. *This may be to avoid the immediate rear foot pronation that is seen here.
  4. Client over strides (step length is increased) which is particularly evident when they are walking towards the camera. * This may be a conscious attempt to lengthen the shortened stride that occurs because of the limited ankle dorsiflexion ranges. It appears at many moments however to be a result of the extra effort to circumduct the legs sufficiently. A longer stride does play into #3 above, a larger stride usually leads to a heavier lateral heel strike but it also means that the rearfoot pronation will be more aggressive, this is a negative resultant outcome.
  5. Early bunion formation and troubles engaging the big toe during stance phase. *We are not surprised here. Whenever pronation is excessive the first metatarsal (medial foot tripod) is unstable and this changes the mechanics of the hallux muscles to pull towards the 5th metatarsal anchor generating the bunion. Look at the origin and insertion of the adductor hallucis muscle particularly the transverse head, if the 1st MET is anchored the 5th MET is pulled to the 1st and the transverse arch is formed. However, if the 1st MET is unstable and the 5th is the only anchor, the adductor hallucis will pull the toe laterally and form a bunion and hallux valgus and compromise the transverse arch. (particularly look at the left big toe at the :09 to :11 second mark, the big toe and first MET are clearly not anchored to the ground).
  6. The knees / patella also appear medially positioned in an environment of a neutral foot progression angle. * Answers for #1-#5 clearly will medial patellar deviation and drive patellar tracking problems.
  7. If you look carefully you can see that they rear foot immediately moves into a valgus posturing (this is rearfoot pronation) and they are also pronating into the forefoot heavily. Interestingly they have decent arch height, but remember, that does not mean that pronation is not occurring. * This is a result of the loss of ankle rocker mechanics. If they start pronation early at the rear foot it will drive more pronation. When pronation is driven excessively the arch can drop, and with more arch height drop the tibial will pitch forward past the magical 90 degree mark and allow forward motion to occur.

So, how can they run with all this going on ? Well, the answer is quite simple. They avoid most of these issues as best they can. How you ask ? Forefoot strike; they run avoiding heel strike and midfoot strike. By staying on the forefoot all of these rear and midfoot mechanical limitations as well as ankle rocker loss can be avoided by remaining on the forefoot. This makes distance running difficult but anything below the two mile mark is tolerable and the 100-800 distances are probably best suited for their feet. Incidentally they enjoy the 400 the best, no wonder. Also, moving at increased speed will necessitate a forward lean, and a forward lean makes the tibia progression over the talus easier taking out some of the ankle rocker limitations.

This is a foot type, with complications, that is really beyond much of what anyone can do conservatively. We would even argue that surgery is not an option, just a change in activity choice. This is simply a client that should not run beyond distances where they can stay on the forefoot. The foot, ankle and lower limb mechanics just suffer far to much from having to compensate (as discussed in #1-7) to enable pain and problem free running with anything other than forefoot loading. This means that walking is going to be difficult and problematic, as you can see from this video above.

Our only solution in this case ? ……… utilizing a rocker based footwear. Easy Spirit Get UP and Go (link) was our recommendation and it worked very well for this client for walking. Here is a link to this shoe and pictures of the huge forefoot rocker that helps (somewhat) to dampen the mid-forefoot rocker issues but there is not much that can be done for the rear foot rocker issues as discussed. If you use an orthotic to block the rearfoot valgus motion and rearfoot pronation you will pass more challenges to the midfoot-arch and forefoot. Sadly.

This was a very tough case. Getting every aspect of the case in your head during an evaluation is sometimes a challenge. Sometimes you need to see them a 2nd or 3rd time to digest it all. But be patient with yourself, it takes time to get decent at this stuff. This is a perfect case for “getting a feeling and flow” of the persons gait, at their speed. A case evaluation like this on a treadmill or via video analysis can make things tougher because the treadmill can change the dynamics (did you read our Treadmill article in last months Triathlete magazine ? It was linked on the blog 2 weeks ago) and make the client move at its speed and not their speed inhibiting and promoting different mechanics. There are times for a treadmill and times to avoid them. This is an art, in time you will know when to use and when not to use.

Happy Monday Gait Gang………. welcome to The Gaits of Hell !

Shawn and Ivo ……….two gnarly lookin dudes with pitchforks and a toothy grin.