Podcast 96: Minimalism Shoes, Toe Trauma, Meniscal Impingement.

The Minimalist Shoe Index, Pincer toe nails, toe problems, anteromeniscofemoral impingement syndrome and much more on today’s show !

A. Link to our server: http://traffic.libsyn.com/thegaitguys/pod_96f.mp3

Direct Download:  http://thegaitguys.libsyn.com/podcast-96

Other Gait Guys stuff

B. iTunes link:
https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-gait-guys-podcast/id559864138
C. Gait Guys online /download store (National Shoe Fit Certification & more !)
http://store.payloadz.com/results/results.aspx?m=80204
D. other web based Gait Guys lectures:
Monthly lectures at : www.onlinece.com type in Dr. Waerlop or Dr. Allen, ”Biomechanics”

-Our Book: Pedographs and Gait Analysis and Clinical Case Studies
Electronic copies available here:

-Amazon/Kindle:
http://www.amazon.com/Pedographs-Gait-Analysis-Clinical-Studies-ebook/dp/B00AC18M3E

-Barnes and Noble / Nook Reader:
http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/pedographs-and-gait-analysis-ivo-waerlop-and-shawn-allen/1112754833?ean=9781466953895

https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/pedographs-and-gait-analysis/id554516085?mt=11

-Hardcopy available from our publisher:
http://bookstore.trafford.com/Products/SKU-000155825/Pedographs-and-Gait-Analysis.aspx

Show notes:

1. New Cameras In Japan Can Detect Drunks At Train Stations
http://www.popsci.com/cameras-japan-detect-drunks-train-stations

2. It takes a lot of nerve: Scientists make cells to aid peripheral nerve repair
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/297854.php
-Scientists at the University of Newcastle, UK, have used a combination of small molecules to turn cells isolated from human skin into Schwann cells

3. The Minimalist Shoe Definition study

http://www.jfootankleres.com/content/8/1/42

A consensus definition and rating scale for minimalist shoes
Jean-Francois Esculier123, Blaise Dubois13, Clermont E. Dionne14, Jean Leblond2 andJean-Sébastien Roy12* http://www.jfootankleres.com/content/8/1/42

modified Delphi study, 42 experts from 11 countries

http://www.jfootankleres.com/content/supplementary/s13047-015-0094-5-s1.pdf

-Results

The following definition of minimalist shoes was agreed upon by 95 % of participants: “Footwear providing minimal interference with the natural movement of the foot due to its high flexibility, low heel to toe drop, weight and stack height, and the absence of motion control and stability devices”. Characteristics to be included in MI were weight, flexibility, heel to toe drop, stack height and motion control/stability devices, each subscale carrying equal weighing (20 %) on final score.

4. CASE:
Ivo: broken toe, prioprioception
this: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2245598
and this http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19955289

5. CASE: anterior meniscofemoral impingment syndrome
http://tmblr.co/ZrRYjx1d8503W

http://thegaitguys.tumblr.com/post/17713779565/anterior-knee-pain-in-a-young-marathon-hopeful

6. Pincer Toe nails:

http://thegaitguys.tumblr.com/post/127638788139/pincher-nails-who-knew-note-there-are-two–  

Anterior knee pain in a young marathon hopeful, someday !

Here we see three (3) pictures of a very young boy, 4 years old. His mother brought him into our office for evaluation. His knees were painful immediately below the patellae bilaterally.

As you can see here the little fella has a few issues, some of which he will likely grow out of and some of which he may not. So this is a good case to follow.  First time parents are always  more vigilant and that is why we like them, but just fractionally more ! In the view from behind you need to see a few things:

1. valgus knees
2. wider than normal base of stance between the feet
3. slightly valgus ankles
4. and on the side frontal view……. obvious hyperextension of the knees and increased ankle plantarflexion posturing (we chose that word carefully) that obviously goes hand in hand with this retro-postured knees.

After a few more questions it was clear that the pain  had been around for quite some time and was at a specific pencil eraser sized area above the anterior joint line, slightly medially to center and without question not at the joint line proper but directly on the medial femoral condyle.  So, do you know what he has ?  You should always suspect this in knees that hyperextend this far or in athlete that have sustained or repetitive hyperextension stressing:

• gymnastics
• kicking sports (martial arts, soccer, swimming etc)
• postural syndrome folks (like this little fella) who have low core tone, anterior pelvic tilt both of which drive knee hyperextension. 
• any one who has a loss of ankle rocker dorsiflexion range and who then chooses the knee hyperextension option to regain ankle range in an attempt to normalize progressive gait. Frequently flatter feet/hyperpronators will drive more tibial internal spin resulting in hyperextension as well.

This little fella has the last 2 factors, BIG TIME !

So, clearly understanding these biomechanical factors and coupling a palpatory tenderness at the correct spot on the medial femoral condyle indicates that he has (the youngest we have ever seen)…….drum roll…….

Anterior meniscofemoral impingement syndrome.  Never heard of it ? Probably not. Why, because it was glazed over in school, and maybe not at all for many doctors to be honest. Go ahead, look it up under Pubmed and see how many referenced papers you find on it.  We see it enough to know that it is frequently diagnosed as a patellar tracking problem but those clients do not have the same risk and anatomy factors. We have had our doctor referrals call us back saying they have never even heard of it.  Most have not to be honest.  Bottom line, if you know your anatomy and your biomechanics you can figure out most things. If you are slim and skinny on either one you might be missing a few things.  We do sometimes as well.

Summary:  When the knee hyperextends either too much, too long, or for too many repetitions either statically or in dynamic walking, running or in activity the leading upper edge of the medial meniscus (see anatomy diagram above) can impinge repeatedly and forcefully into the soft medial femoral articular cartilage (see the colored purple area in the diagram) and over time create a softening of the cartilage (condromalacia as it is known).  Do it long enough or enough times and you create an inflammatory reaction with a cartilagenous defect.

This poor little guy was hating walking.  Interestingly, what do you think happened when we had him crouch walk (knees flexed)……yup…..no pain. He looked up at me in wonderment immediately and of course saw us smiling knowing very well he would be pain free. 

Solution in a 4 year old.  Slightly flex the knees and place a long strip of tape down the back side of the upper and lower leg.  If he extends the knee he forces the tape taught and is instantly reminded (pseudo biofeedback if you will) that he is approaching the danger zone. As this case and many other find, after a few days the skin gets pretty irritated but that is time to take the tape off and let him go back to his old tricks……. trust us, it is only for a few hours until he will figure it out……meaning….. hyperextension is evil ! Teaching this little guy our now famous “Shuffle walks” (to drive ankle dorsiflexion strength in the tibialis anterior and toe extensors in a posture of knee flexion) was on the menu and we turned it into a fun game for him to play with mom and dad.

Anterior Meniscofemoral Impingement Syndrome.  Say it 3 times fast with a mouthful of organic chunky peanut butter. We dare ya !  (Sounds like a whimpy frat house hazing technique if you as me.)

Hope you never see it in a little one. if you do, smile and reach for some tape and put on some 70’s music and shuffle to some oldies.

Shawn and Ivo……. yup, orthopedics is also in our soup of letters after our names. But it ain’t the letters that matter, it is what you do with them. Anyone up for Scrabble ?

* Oh, look, we found one  journal article ……from 1996 ! Sad.

Arthroscopy. 1996 Dec;12(6):675-9.

Meniscal impingement syndrome.

McGuire DA, Barber FA, Hendricks SD.

Source

Plano Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center, Texas, USA.

Abstract

The meniscal impingement syndrome consists of three elements: impaction on the anterior medial femoral condyle by the leading edge of the medial meniscus, articular cartilage damage of at least Outerbridge grade 3, and knee hyperextension of at least 5 degrees. This report reviews this condition in a series of seven knees with an average follow-up of 39 months. The time from the onset of symptoms until surgery averaged 45 months. Treatment consisted of a thorough arthroscopic knee evaluation and debridement of the articular cartilage fragmentation and any impinging synovitis. Postoperative rehabilitation includes extension block bracing, hamstring strengthening, and closed-chain exercise. With this regimen, there was improvement in the Tegner scores and a reduction in postoperative knee hyperextension. Identification of this uncommon condition requires a complete evaluation of the medial femoral condyle in patients with knee hyperextension.

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